Diagnostic Products in Biological Applications

Most of them are used to detect the corresponding antigen, antibody or immune status of the body, which belongs to immunological diagnosis. With the development of immunological technology, the types of diagnostic biological products are increasing, not only for infectious diseases, but also for other diseases. It mainly includes two types: ① diagnostic serum, including bacteria, virus rickettsial class, antitoxin class, tumor class, hormone class, blood type and HLA, immunoglobulin diagnostic serum, transferrin, erythrocyte hemolysin, biochemical agents, etc. ② diagnostic antigen, including bacteria, virus rickettsial class, toxins, syphilis diagnostic antigen, plague phage, etc. In addition, there are red blood cells, fluorescent antibodies, enzyme-linked immunosorbent preparations, radionuclide-labeled radioimmunopreparations, pregnancy diagnostic preparations (hormones), and monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis.

Biological products used for diagnosis can be divided into the following categories:

In vivo test diagnostic formulations. Commonly used are three kinds of blusserin, tuberculin and tin test toxin (diphtheria). Intradermal injection of 0.1ml is used to observe the reaction and judge whether you have suffered from the corresponding disease or whether the immunization is successful.

② Diagnostic preparations for general infectious diseases. Including a variety of diagnostic bacteria, virus and diagnostic serum.

③ Preparations for diagnosis of tumors. Such as alpha-fetoprotein serum, carcinoembryonic antigen diagnostic kit, etc.

④ Diagnostic preparations for determination of immune levels. Determination of five kinds of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE) in the human body, quantitative determination of Ig monovalent diagnostic serum and patient serum, for disease diagnosis, treatment and determination of immune function, is also an important indicator of clinical diagnosis of certain diseases.

⑤ Diagnostic preparations for hormones. Such as pregnancy diagnostic preparations. Adverse reactions may occur after the use of biological products, which is related to the bacteria and virus species, type, antigen concentration, culture medium used, inactivation or attenuation process, adjuvant, protective agent, individual differences of recipients, age, sex, vaccination history, infectious disease history, passive antibody acquisition and other factors. Common reactions to vaccination and toxoids, such as toxic reactions caused by bacterial endotoxins, all bacterial agents can cause fever and local swelling, pain, and heat, usually within 48 hours after vaccination. Refined toxoid and virus vaccine, general reaction is relatively mild. Live vaccines actually produce a mild infection process after inoculation. Before live bacteria or viruses proliferate to cause fever or other reactions, there is often an incubation period of several days or a long period. These infection reactions are often accompanied by low fever, and some have rashes, swollen lymph nodes, etc.